大豆预处理对提升酱油氨基酸得率的影响

[目的]通过对大豆进行预处理,提高酱油中氨基酸含量,从而提升酱油氨基酸得率。[方法]以完整颗粒的大豆做为对照样,确定大豆的最佳破碎程度,再在不同时机对大豆进行破碎,确定大豆的最佳破碎时机。[结果]试验得出,对照样的大豆做出的大曲酶活达1 762 U/g,对应天然油氨基酸为9.0 g/L,出油量为2 400 g/kg,随着大豆的破碎程度越严重,出油量越少。而将大豆打碎程度为1颗大豆破碎成1~2瓣,虽出油量减少,但天然油氨基酸提升至10.1 g/L,提升幅度为12.0%,氨基酸得率有一定的提升;再将大豆在不同时机破碎成1~2瓣,在冷却后将大豆打碎,其天然油氨基酸最高,且出油量也不受影响,酱油氨基酸得率最高,较对照组提升13.3%。[结论]大豆制作酱油时的最佳预处理方式为:破碎程度为将1颗大豆破碎成1~2瓣;破碎时机为在冷却后进行破碎。     

Partial replacement of fish meal by soy protein concentrates in diets for a new Japanese strain of juvenile soft‐shelled turtle,Pelodiscus sinensis

An 8‐week experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary fish meal (FM) replaced by soybean protein concentrate (SPC) on Japanese strain of soft‐shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis juveniles. Diets were formulated to replace FM protein by SPC at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 or 60% supplemented with phytase (2000 FTU kg^?1) (designated as S0, S15, S30, S45, S60 and S60P, respectively), and each diet was fed to triplicate groups. The results showed that the growth was significantly lower when dietary SPC replaced more than 45% FM. The turtles fed the S15 or S30 diet showed comparable feed and protein utilization efficiency compared with the S0 group, whereas more than 30% replacement of FM adversely affected these values. Increasing dietary SPC levels significantly lowered the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein, lipid, phosphorus and gross energy. Whole‐body protein, ash and phosphorus content showed a declining trend when dietary SPC levels increased, while body lipid and moisture content were unaffected. When the turtles were fed diets with increasing levels of SPC, serum total protein concentration, alkaline phosphatase and catalase activities decreased with a corresponding increase in glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity. Turtles fed the S60P diet showed comparable growth performance and feed utilization efficiency to the S40 group, and were superior to the S60 group. The present study showed that SPC could successfully substitute for 30% FM protein in the diets for P. sinensis juveniles, and the maximum effective substitution may be greater if exogenous phytase was added.     

高压均质-冷冻干燥技术制备大豆分离蛋白微粒及其功能特性

为了进一步改善大豆分离蛋白的分散性及功能性质,该研究以大豆分离蛋白为原料,通过对天然大豆分离蛋白进行高压高剪切处理并联合冷冻干燥技术,制备大豆分离蛋白微粒,考察压力(60～100 MPa)对大豆分离蛋白微粒尺寸、功能性质及结构特性的影响,探究其构效关系。结果表明:随着压力逐渐增加,大豆分离蛋白平均粒径大幅度减小,粒径分布曲线向左侧移动,与天然大豆分离蛋白相比,在100 MPa时大豆分离蛋白粒径减小了1 631%,粒径曲线分布较宽。在60～100MPa压力范围内随着压力的增加。与天然大豆分离蛋白相比,大豆分离蛋白微粒的分散性指数(Protein Dispersibility Index, PDI)和功能性质均显著提高(P0.05),其中在100 MPa时大豆蛋白质的溶解性提高了172.98%,乳化活性和乳化稳定性分别增加了约28.71%和77.82%,持油性增加了约123.76%,起泡性随时间的变化其泡沫高度也均有所提高。由扫描电镜图可以观察到,未经过高压均质的大豆分离蛋白粒子呈聚集状态,球状的表面向内凹陷,经过高压均质联合冷冻干燥处理后的大豆分离蛋白微粒呈现网络结构。在高压和高剪切力的作用下,大豆分离蛋白微粒的疏水基团大量暴露,表面疏水性随之增加,静电斥力增加,α-螺旋和β-转角向β-折叠和无规则卷曲结构的转化是蛋白质的溶解性等功能性质提高的主要原因。溶解性等功能性质的提高有利于大豆分离蛋白更好的应用于食品加工行业,进一步为蛋白的理化性质及结构优化提供新思路。     

基于模型化合物的糠醇改性大豆蛋白基胶黏剂机理研究

为了开发真正意义上的环保型大豆蛋白基胶黏剂,该文以糠醇作为交联剂,以组成蛋白质分子的二肽为起点,采用模型化合物思想研究大豆蛋白基胶黏剂的交联改性基础理论,借助核磁共振C谱和电喷雾电离质子仪分析糠醇交联改性大豆蛋白基胶黏剂的机理。同时通过检测大豆蛋白胶胶合板性能,分析大豆蛋白基胶黏剂制备基础理论与实际性能之间的关系。研究结果表明:1)糠醇与丙谷二肽的共缩聚反应和糠醇的自缩聚反应,两者为竞争关系;2)一般碱性条件下,糠醇极其稳定,两者都不明显,只有在强碱性条件下糠醇可能产生活性稍大的酰胺负离子与丙谷二肽发生一定的共缩聚,反应速率较慢,实现共缩聚的时间太长,但自缩聚反应依然不明显;3)糠醇与丙谷二肽的共缩聚反应和糠醇的自缩聚反应都需要较强的酸性,且前者低于后者,酸性太强时糠醇自缩聚占主导,酸性太弱时产生的糠醇碳正离子浓度和反应活性较弱,不利于自缩聚和共缩聚;在pH值为3时,共缩聚表现出较强的竞争性。4)糠醇与丙谷二肽共缩聚反应和糠醇自缩聚反应主要发生在酸性条件下,糠醇与丙谷二肽发生共缩聚反应位点首先是端酰胺基团,其次是伯胺,而肽键氨基由于存在较大的空间位阻导致几乎不参与反应。5)糠醇与大豆蛋白模型化合物反应机理与大豆蛋白基胶黏剂实际性能具有较强的对应性,即在pH值为3时,糠醇与大豆蛋白基胶黏剂反应程度较高,表现为较强的耐水性和热稳定性。该研究工作的开展对实现大豆蛋白基胶黏剂的科学使用,提升大豆蛋白基胶黏剂的市场竞争力具有重要意义。     

大豆异黄酮和抗生素对文昌鸡生长性能、肉品质和血浆抗氧化指标的影响

【目的】对比大豆异黄酮和抗生素对文昌鸡生长性能、肉品质及血浆抗氧化指标的影响,为大豆异黄酮在文昌鸡生产中的实际应用提供参考。【方法】选用1日龄文昌鸡母雏540只。试验分3组,包括空白对照组、抗生素组和大豆异黄酮组,每组4个重复,每个重复45羽。分小鸡、中鸡和大鸡3个阶段进行试验。【结果】生长性能结果显示,1~30日龄小鸡各组之间的平均日增质量、平均日采食量和料重比均无显著差异(P0.05);31~80日龄阶段,大豆异黄酮组的平均日增质量显著高于对照组(P0.05);81~120日龄阶段,大豆异黄酮组的平均日采食量显著高于对照组(P0.05)。肉品质结果显示,各组的肉色L*、a*、b*和pH差异均不显著(P0.05);与对照组相比,大豆异黄酮组的熟肉率显著提高(P0.05)。血浆抗氧化指标结果显示,31~80日龄阶段,大豆异黄酮组的总抗氧化能力(Total antioxidant capacity,T-AOC)活性显著高于抗生素组(P0.05);81~120日龄阶段,大豆异黄酮组的肌酸激酶(Creatine kinase,CK)活性显著低于抗生素组,谷胱甘肽(Glutathione,GSH)含量显著高于抗生素组,抗生素组和大豆异黄酮组的T-AOC活性显著高于对照组(P0.05)。【结论】中鸡阶段饲粮中添加20 mg·kg~(–1)大豆异黄酮可以提高鸡日增质量和抗氧化水平;大鸡阶段饲粮中添加15 mg·kg~(–1)大豆异黄酮能够提高鸡采食量、熟肉率和抗氧化水平。     

Supplementation of Protein Hydrolysates to a Low‐fishmeal Diet Improves Growth and Health Status of Juvenile Olive Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

An 11‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate three different protein hydrolysates as feed ingredients in high‐plant‐protein diets for juvenile olive flounder. Five experimental diets were fed to juvenile olive flounder to examine the effect of three different protein hydrolysates on growth performance, innate immunity, and disease resistance against bacterial infection. A basal fishmeal (FM)‐based diet was regarded as a high‐FM diet (HFM) and a diet containing soy protein concentrate (SPC) as a substitute for 50% FM protein was considered as a low‐FM diet (LFM). Three other diets contained three different sources of protein hydrolysates, including shrimp, tilapia, and krill hydrolysates (designated as SH, TH, and KH), replacing 12% of FM protein. All diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Triplicate groups of fish (15.1 ± 0.1 g) were handfed one of the diets to apparent satiation twice daily for 11 wk and subsequently challenged against Edwardsiella tarda. Growth performance and feed utilization of fish fed hydrolysate‐supplemented diets were significantly improved compared to those of fish fed the LFM diet. Dietary inclusion of the protein hydrolysates significantly enhanced apparent digestibility of dry matter and protein of the diets. In the proximal intestine, histological alterations were observed in the fish fed the LFM diet. The fish fed the hydrolysate diets showed significantly longer mucosal fold and enterocytes and greater number of goblet cells compared to fish fed the LFM diet. Respiratory burst activity was significantly higher in fish fed the TH and KH diets than fish fed the LFM diet. Significantly higher immunoglobulin levels were found in fish fed SH and KH diets compared to those of fish fed the LFM diet. Dietary inclusion of the protein hydrolysates in SPC‐based diets exhibited the highest lysozyme activity. Significantly higher superoxide activity was observed in groups of fish fed the KH diet. Fish offered the protein hydrolysates were more resistant to bacterial infection caused by E. tarda. The results of this study suggest that the tested protein hydrolysates can be used as potential dietary supplements to improve growth performance and health status of juvenile olive flounder when they were fed a LFM diet.     

大豆蛋白-三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛树脂胶黏剂固化剂的研究

以大豆蛋白降解液、三聚氰胺、尿素和高浓度甲醛为原料,合成了一种低摩尔比的大豆蛋白-三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛共缩聚树脂胶黏剂(SMUF)。选用(NH4)2SO4、(NH4)2S2O8、(NH4)2HPO4和H3PO4作为SMUF树脂的固化剂,研究了固化剂对SMUF树脂基本理化性能的影响。结果表明:1)传统固化剂(NH4)2SO4不能使SMUF树脂充分固化,最终树脂胶合强度低、耐水性差,固化后的胶层断面疏松、多孔;2)H3PO4和(NH4)2S2O8属于中强酸体系,两者均能一定程度加速SMUF树脂的固化,树脂胶合强度和耐水性均得到改善,固化温度显著降低,固化放热量有所提高;3)(NH4)2HPO4是一种缓冲型酸,其催化SMUF树脂的固化速度较为均匀,树脂综合性能较优,树脂的胶合强度和耐水性较好,固化温度也有所降低,树脂交联程度高,树脂固化层断面相对较为均匀。     

乙酰甲胺磷及其代谢物甲胺磷在辣椒酱加工过程中的残留量变化

为了研究乙酰甲胺磷及有毒代谢产物甲胺磷在辣椒酱加工过程中的加工因子,从而优化辣椒酱的加工过程,本研究采用气相色谱-火焰光度检测器(GC-FPD)分别检测辣椒酱加工中清洗、自然发酵和灭菌3个步骤中2种农药残留量的变化。结果表明:经流动水冲洗后,乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷的加工因子分别为0.71和0.58;自然发酵过程中,经发酵微生物作用,有部分乙酰甲胺磷降解为甲胺磷,乙酰甲胺磷和甲胺磷的加工因子分别为0.68和1.17;灭菌过程对2种农药残留量的变化影响不大。综合考虑辣椒酱的品质和农药残留两方面因素,建议尽量适当延长辣椒的清洗时间,在不影响辣椒酱品质的前提下,发酵过程中加入一定量的澄清剂,加强对2种农药的吸附作用。     

基于电子鼻的鱼露香气品质识别

为了识别鱼露的品质,并为缩短发酵周期的工艺优选提供理论依据.利用电子鼻对7种鱼露样品的挥发性气味进行了分析,并与项空-气质联用( GC-MS)和感官分析结果进行比较.结果表明:鱼露香气成分复杂,工艺改良对气味影响很大,电子鼻18个金属传感器能很好地将不同样品的气味进行识别.以传统发酵原汁鱼露为标样,电子鼻分析结果表明,加曲改良工艺的4号样品与标样香气最为接近,相似系数达87.8％,该结果与GC-MS数据和感官分析结果一致,可为鱼露速酿工艺的优选提供参考.     

不同多糖条件下大豆蛋白-绿原酸凝胶特性研究

为研究添加果胶、黄原胶和κ-卡拉胶3种多糖的种类和质量浓度(0.002、0.004、0.006 g/mL)对大豆蛋白(SPI)-绿原酸(CA)水凝胶的凝胶特性和分子间作用力的影响,通过测定SPI-CA/多糖三元凝胶的红外光谱,分子间作用力、流变学、水分分布和微观结构等指标,最终探明不同多糖与SPI-CA相互作用机制以及不同多糖对SPI-CA凝胶性质改善的差异性和相似性。结果表明,添加黄原胶和κ-卡拉胶后,蛋白中β-折叠相对含量从24.59%升高至24.87%～26.65%,无规则卷曲含量显著降低(P<0.05),这有利于凝胶网络结构的形成。3种多糖的添加均显著增强了凝胶中氢键的作用以及凝胶中固定水的结合能力,相较于果胶和黄原胶,添加κ-卡拉胶后凝胶中的氢键的作用更强,T₂₁的弛豫时间更短,凝胶结构也更加致密。凝胶的储能模量G′、损耗模量G″、硬度和咀嚼性均与κ-卡拉胶的浓度呈正相关。适量的果胶和黄原胶的加入能够形成稳定的凝胶,但是过度填充果胶和黄原胶会降低凝胶的热稳定性,破坏凝胶网络结构。